Beethoven Piano Sonata No. 1 in F Minor, Op.2-1 Second Movement Analysis

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2025-08-01
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The second movement, written in F major and set in 3/4 time, is structured in three sections: A–B–A’. Marked Adagio, this movement provides a distinct contrast to the Allegro character of the first movement.


A Section (mm. 1–17)

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The A section opens in F major, marked Adagio and 3/4 meter. The melody in the right hand is characterized by a long, lyrical phrase, which is immediately contrasted by a shorter, more fragmented answer. Both subphrases begin with the same motif, forming a parallel period: the first subphrase (mm. 1–4) ends with a half cadence, while the second (mm. 5–8) concludes with a perfect authentic cadence. At the beginning of the second subphrase, the harmony is thicker and the register higher than in the first, giving a sense of development. The gentle sixteenth-note accompaniment in the left hand helps create a calm, singing character.


A Section, continued (mm. 9–17)

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The second phrase in the A section begins with an upbeat and features a dotted rhythm, maintaining a sense of unity with the opening. A dominant pedal is sustained, while the left hand continues the flowing sixteenth-note accompaniment. Beginning at measure 12, the main motif is restated, gradually becoming more fragmented and rhythmically active, leading to a closing perfect authentic cadence in measure 17.



B Section (mm. 17–31)

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The B section moves to D minor, the relative minor, and consists of three phrases: mm. 17–20, 21–27, and 28–31. The main motif is played by the right hand, with the left hand harmonizing in parallel thirds. 


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When the motif returns at measure 21, it is expanded and now starts on the dominant of C major, rather than the tonic of d minor. Phrases are shortened and repeated more frequently, and the second phrase is extended beyond the typical four measures. The section concludes with a V–I progression in C major. 

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The third phrase features repeated V–I cadences, reinforcing the dominant and setting up the return to the A’ section.




A’ Section (mm. 32–61)


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The A’ section returns to F major, essentially repeating the material from the A section but with greater rhythmic fragmentation from the third measure onward. Motifs from the B section are incorporated, fusing elements of both sections. After eight measures, the phrase comes to a cadence and transitions directly into the coda.



Coda

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The coda begins with material drawn from the B section and is brought to a close with a perfect authentic cadence, but immediately extends with a return to the dominant. 


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In the latter part of the coda, the melody from the A section is presented in variation, with increased rhythmic subdivision. The V–I cadence is repeated several times, and the movement ends with a final perfect authentic cadence in F major.

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